Recent molecularbased studies have suggested that a diverse middle ear microbiome exists in the absence of disease. OM subtypes in which the tympanic membrane is intact (acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion) are presumed to result from pathogen translocation through the eustachian tube. Our findings cast substantial doubt on previous reports identifying a healthy middle ear microbiome using 16S amplicon sequencing.Ībstract = "Otitis media (OM) is a cluster of diseases of the middle ear that commonly result from bacterial infection. No bacteria were detected by microscopy or diagnostic culture in any middle ear sample. Linear regression of dominant ME taxa confirmed a negative relationship between relative abundance and bacterial load, consistent with contamination. Commonly detected taxa were among recognized sequencing contaminants (Methylobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter). In contrast, bacterial levels in ME samples were not significantly above those in unused control swabs. EC and NP microbiota were consistent with previous reports. Diagnostic culture, microscopy, quantitative PCR, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing were used to assess sample bacterial content. Middle ear (ME), nasopharynx (NP), and external ear canal (EC) swabs were collected from a total of 25 adult patients undergoing cochlear implant, stapedotomy, or translabyrinthine vestibular schwannoma resection.
Combining culture-based and molecular techniques, we undertook a detailed investigation of the evidence for bacterial colonization of the healthy middle ear. These have been largely unsupported by culture and feature species that commonly contaminate low-biomass sequencing data. Otitis media (OM) is a cluster of diseases of the middle ear that commonly result from bacterial infection.
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